Nancy in Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Essay - 679 Words

Nancy in Charles Dickens Oliver Twist London in the 19th century was a heavily packed city where the rich and poor rubbed shoulders daily. Charles Dickens lived there most of his life, growing from a poor child to a publicly famous, but often privately troubled, writer. The city shaped his life it also patterns his work in complex and fascinating ways. The novels picture this great city vividly. It can also be seen to be used as a symbolic map through which human relationships of all kinds are explored. This description of Oliver Twist may also capture the haunting childhood of its author, Charles Dickens. Feeling alone in the world at the age of 12, Dickens saw firsthand the horrors Victorian†¦show more content†¦When Oliver is caught delivering books for Mr. Brownlow, Nancy and Bill Sikes take him to the hideouts that the thieves live in. There he is stripped of his clothes, money and books. Nancy fights for Olivers safety among the men in the room. Keep back the dog, Bill! cried Nancy, springing before the door and closing it, as the Jew and his two pupils darted out in pursuit. Keep back the dog: hell tear the boy to pieces. Serve him right! cried Sikes, struggling to disengage himself from the girls grasp. Stand off from me, or Ill split your head against the wall. I dont care for that Bill, I dont care for that, screamed the girl, struggling violently with the man: the child shant be torn down by the dog, unless you kill me first. With the capture of Oliver Fagin the leader of the gang and Bill were upset that Oliver had run away. Bills dog being in the room nearly tears Oliver to shreds but Nancy saves him. Having this dirty, ugly world of crime pulled over her eyes Nancy is bothered by how Oliver is treated and tries to shield him from the evil world. Nancy being beat by Sikes is victim of violence therefore doesnt think she has any other life to turn to. She has a hard time with good and evil deciding where she stands. But she is determined to take care of Oliver so he can have a better life. I wouldnt say Nancy is the most important character inShow MoreRelatedHow Charles Dickens Portrays the Murder of Nancy in Oliver Twist2542 Words   |  11 PagesHow Charles Dickens Portrays the Murder of Nancy in Oliver Twist Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens. He was born on February 7th 1812in Landport which is situated in Portsmouth, England. He worked in a blacking factory where shoe polish is produced and Dickens job was to paste labels to the bottles of polish. The working conditions then were dreadfully poor, He was doing this job when he was 12 years old which meant that in those days children had little childhoodRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Oliver Twist 1539 Words   |  7 Pages​Charles Dickens illustrates how people facing poverty are treated as criminals by the Victorian society and may cause them to be forced down the path of crime. He demonstrates this theory throughout his novel Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is a novel about a ten year old orphan in the nineteenth century who is forced into labour at a workhouse. Dickens highlights the conditions of the workhouse to display the struggle one bares in order to survive. He uses the characters Oliver and Nancy to demonstrateRead MoreTension, Anticipation, and Suspense in Oliver Twist Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens wrote ‘Oliver Twist’ between 1873 and 1839. Oliver Twist is Charles Dickens second novel. Oliver Twist began as a sketch; later on chapter by chapter it came on magazine and became a serial and eventually the whole novel was published. Charles Dickens childhood was terribl e; he had to work in a factory for some months. The novel exposes a lot of Victorian attitudes which Dickens experienced as he was in poverty himself. Oliver Twist suffered for nine years in the baby farm treatedRead MoreNancy as the Most Important Character in Oliver Twist Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesNancy as the Most Important Character in Oliver Twist Charles dickens wrote Oliver Twist in 1837, during the Victorian era of England, he was born in Landport, a suburb of Portsea, on February 7, 1812. He was their first child of eight siblings. John Dickens, Charless father, was not good with handling the familys money. He was then imprisoned for debt on February 20, 1824. This experience left Charles psychologically scarred. Charles had to take the role of beingRead MoreOliver Twist By Charles Dickens1644 Words   |  7 PagesIn Dickens’ Oliver Twist, Dickens frequently explains how â€Å"callous and uncaring Victorian society was (Shmoop Editorial Team),† as well as how clothing affects one’s social class. The protagonist of this eventful and heart wrenching story, Oliver Twist, is a naive young man who endures intense abuse and starvation in Victorian England’s workhouses. He keeps his hopes high and has a turn-around from his past life of misery. During this morose experience, Oliver sees the realization of Victorian EnglandRead MoreThe Evidence Of Unbound Loyalty1746 Words   |  7 PagesEvidence of Unbound Loyalty in Oliver Twist As young Oliver, ill-treated and hungry, approaches his masters saying â€Å"Please, sir, I want some more† (Dickens 11), Charles Dickens enthralls his readers in the harsh, twisted journey of Oliver Twist. Through a series of exciting events full of abuse, loyalty, hatred, and love, Dickens portrays the overlooked difficulties of the poor, lower class that Oliver Twist’s action-packed life has been subject to. Some of Dickens most loved characters, includingRead MoreOliver Twist By Charles Dickens Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctions as Charles Dickens (1812- 1870) did. Oliver Twist was the second novel of Dickens distributed in a serial structure in a magazine titled BentleyÊ ¼s Miscellany run independent from anyone else from February 1837 to April 1839 when Dickens was still a columnist. In England, from the 1830s to the 1840s, a lot of wrongdoing books were distributed. Oliver Twist was composed simply During that period. Most faultfinders and book commentato rs of Dickens lifetime based their surveys of Oliver Twist on oneRead MoreCharles Dickens Biography1626 Words   |  7 Pages and perplexed characters Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. He proves that he is a product of the Victorian era as he brings attention to the childhood cruelty, the less fortunate in an English society, and the unwealthy dysfunctional families of the early Victorian time period. Charles Dickens reflects these and other issues as he brings to life the realism of writing. While others were writing about the way things should be, rather than the way things were, Dickens was challenging these ideasRead MoreChild Exploitation During The Victorian Era1583 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish novelist Charles Dickens was born into an underprivileged family during the Victorian Era. His father was jailed and Dickens was sent to work in a factory at the age of twelve (Dutta 1). It can be deduced because of Dickens’s formative years, one much like Oliver’s from Oliver Twist, Dickens felt the need to criticize the conditions of his time period (Diniejko). The novel is well known for being about an orphaned child who starts his life in an orphanage workhouse, gets involved in aRead MoreEssay on The Theme of Childhood in Oliver Twist778 Words   |  4 PagesHow Does Dickens present the theme of childhood in Oliver Twist. This essay shows the theme of childhood in Charles Dickens in the book Oliver Twist. Oliver Twists story begins with his birth in a workhouse. His mother dies shortly after giving birth to him, though long enough to kiss him on the forehead. As an illegitimate workhouse orphan Oliver seems doomed to a life of misery. Though deprived of education, affection and adequate food, Oliver still manages to triumph from rags to riches

Air Pollution - Paper - 2324 Words

Air Pollution 20.000 liters of air is what we breathe on a daily basis. Air is something most people take for granted, you don’t see it around you and breathing goes automatically. But every time we inhale we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals which found their way in our air. Air pollution is the presence of dangerous chemicals in the air that we breathe. It is a change in the air which influences humans health and organism on the planet. Many think that `gases pollute the air, those gases go under the names of CFCs, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. Emissions of carbon monoxide are especially dangerous. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased†¦show more content†¦API | Status | Areas | % | 0-50 | Good | 38 | 80% | 51-100 | Moderate | 9 | 19% | 101-200 | Unhealthy | 0 | 0% | 201-300 | Very Unhealthy | 0 | 0% | gt;301 | Hazardous | 0 | 0% | Green stands for cool summer temperatures and windy conditions. It is not harmful for people’s health. Yellow stands for rain and afternoon thunderstorms. Only those who are extremely sensitive should not be outdoors for a long time. Orange stands for a slight chance of afternoon thunderstorms, children and elderly and people with asthma should limit their time outdoor. Red stands for little chance of rainfall, especially children have to limit spending time outdoors. Dark red stands for no chance of rainfall, thunderstorm or any kind of precipitation. Active children and adults and people with asthma should not go outdoors. Global warming Global warming is the heating up of the average temperature of earth. It is said to have a large effect on weather patterns. Therefore it has a direct impact on people’s health. One of the impacts global warming has is the significant increase of heat waves, which directly leads to an increase of air pollution because of the warm vertical air. The heat waves are also bad for the poor, who mostly live in bad living conditions and do not own a air conditioning. The death rate of the poor are mostly quite high after a heat wave. Global warming also leads to extreme weather in general. Hurricanes and otherShow MoreRelatedAir and Water Pollution Paper698 Words   |  3 PagesCarbon oxide and Nitrogen oxide are one of the many air pollutants this world is having problems with. As for carbon oxide and nitrogen oxide they fall into the category of a primary pollutant, or as so I believe. The reason for why I believe this is because when nitrogen oxide is let out and exposed into the air it can harm the growth of our plants and crops which results us to lose quantities of our food being grown. Also if nitrogen oxide is inhaled it can cause health complications such as asthmaRead MoreAir Pollution essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution has become a major problem in the United States. The agricultural industry must help maintain air quality. By doing that the United States has started trying to make machines that will help reduce the pollution in the air which will help the environment. One way the United Sta tes has tried stopping air pollution and that is to create a solar powered machine which decreases air pollution. But also there are some ways that the people of the United States can help stop air pollution. Read MoreEssay On Air Pollution1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Pollution is when a harmful or poisonous gas is emitted in the presence of air that can be very harmful to the environment even for humans, especially when we don’t do anything . We might think that pollution is not really a problem in the world but it is one major problem and some countries are suffering from it now. There are many ways that we can stop pollution about but we just don’t really take matter of it, if people will just observe how pollution is affecting the environmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Air Pollution1142 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that the problem of air pollution began with the industrial revolution (circa 1750 -1850) which brought with it the increased burning of coal that fueled the engines upon which the wheels of the industrial revolution were being propelled. Air pollution issues have dominated international discourse in the last couple of decades as a result of its adverse effects on the climate system. But most important is the damaging ef fects that some of these pollutants in the ambient air have in the human bodyRead MoreAssociation between Air Polluiton and Lung Cancer761 Words   |  3 Pagesassociation between ambient air pollution and lung cancer. This evidence lead the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to report air pollution as a category 1 or definite cause of cancer. The IARC reviewed over 1000 studies from five continents and covering many different scientific fields. They concluded that air pollution is linked to increased cancer incidence, with lung cancer being the most prevalent (Pope, 2013). Air pollution occurs when the air is contaminated by foreign substancesRead MoreThe Effects Of Indoor Air Pollution On The Environment996 Words   |  4 PagesHumans, animals, and plants need air to survive, but how can they survive if the air that they breathe is polluted? Every cell in your body needs oxygen in order to live. The air that everyone breathes contains oxygen and other gases. Hazardous chemicals escape into the environment to pollute the air from numerous human activities. The ever growing combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is responsible for the biggest progressive change in the atmosphere. Despite the other numerous environmentalRead MoreCoal-fired Power Plant 1433 Words   |  6 Pagesacid rains, storms, droughts, etc. Along with the hostile environment, the human beings are in danger of the spreading disease, such as malaria. Coal-fired power plant generates 44 percent of the electricity; however, it is considered the biggest air polluter in the United States and one of the biggest factors in causing global warming. The greenhouse gas emissions from the coal-fired power plants are threatening the human health and the ecosystems. Fortunately, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld theRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The World1299 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Pollution Environmental pollution is a very serious problem in American and the world. Environmental pollution has many different faces from air pollution to water pollution. But the main one I am going to focus on is air pollution and how it affects us in a negative way. In this paper I am going to show you how air pollution can affect us and how it can affect the world. I am also going to show how we can prevent pollution from getting any more out of hand that it already has. AccordingRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1430 Words   |  6 Pagesboth the air and the oceans warming. Since 1880, when people in many locations first began to keep temperature records, the 25 warmest years have all occurred within the last 28 years. The problem is that if we keep on hurting our own environment and ecosystems we are just going to destroy ourselves sooner or later. If we don’t start to change the way we are doing things around the United States with our factories, the way we dispose of things, or the way we get affected by the pollution, we willRead MoreA Strategy For Reducing Air Pollution911 Words   |  4 PagesSUBJECT A strategy for reducing Air Pollution in Beijing by 2022. PURPOSE The purpose of the paper is to recommend options to reduce air pollution in Beijing. BACKGROUND China’s fastest growing economy is often referred in coupled with the clogging pollution of its cities. The air pollution in Beijing remains among the worst in the world and thus has drawn alarming environmental attention. It’s devastating effects on mankind and environment is a serious challenge China has been facing over the

Equality Essay Example For Students

Equality Essay EqualityIn 1890, less then one half of one percent of women were employed gainfullyoutside of the home. Over the next hundred years, women have not only gainedaccess to jobs outside of the home, but also fought for equality in the workplace. These struggles have not been easy by any means. Women have overcomemany obstacles in there journey into the work force, none grater then the viewsof their male piers. Many males thought and continue to think that there is noplace for women in the work place. Women made there strides into the work forceby not only following examples of their courageous pioneers, but also by bandingtogether to show their strength. During the mid 1800s a small number of women begin their assault on, whatwere at the time considered, male-only jobs. Fields such as teaching, preaching,medicine, and law were all jobs domenated by men. Women had made some progressin the work force before the 1850s. In the mid nineteenth century women werethe majority for grade school teachers, up from the ten percent of elementaryteachers, that were teachers in the colonial period. This can be largelyattributed not to the fact that men were more accepting of the idea that womenbelonged in the work place, but rather men were drown to the higher paying andmore socially appreciated managerial jobs brought on by the industrialrevolution. School boards did not mind these talented leaving because theycould higher a less qualified women for as low as one fifth of males salaryfor the same job. Susan B. Anthony was the first women to publicly speak out against thisgross injustice towards women. After being fired to replace a male teacherfired for incompetence,she was paid one third of the salary he hadreceived,(Reifert 74)she went to the state teachers convention of 1853 toregister a protest. After being hushed once and a half hour of debate she wasfinally allowed to speak her peace. Although nothing became of her firstencounter with the womens movement, she quit teaching and went on to become oneof the great leaders of the womens movement. Antoinette Brown was anther women that was not happy with the statusquo of women in society. She started, in 1846, by attending Oberlin college,which only nine years before had become the first co-educational college. Oberlin, although being very receptive of women in their womens department,they did not let women take any courses besides the ones offered in the womendepartment. This lead to a conflict when Brown made her intentions of obtaininga theology degree known. Brown won the battle to attend the classes she neededfor her degree, but this was by far not the last battle for equality she wouldhave to fight. Oberlan refused to grant her a students license to preach.,and after her course work was completed Oberlan would not allow her to takepart in the graduation ceremony, be licensed, ordained, or even have her nameregistered on the class roll.(Reifert 76) It took three years, of hard lookingfor Brown to find a Protestant Church that would allow her to be ordained. Finally after all of her struggles Antoinette Brown was ordained the firstprotestant female minister in America. Women in the early 1800s were discriminated against both as practitionerand as patient.(Reifert 77) Women were thought that it was wrong for them toseek help from doctors for any problems that had anything remotely to do withtheir reproductive system. It was also thought that Women were to fragile todeal with the work that goes with being a doctor. Elizabeth Blackwell saw firsthand the effects of the first problem mentioned. She watched a family frienddie because she was embarrassed to bring her problem to the attention of hermale doctor. Blackwell was not detoured by the Idea that no medical schoolwould take her, because she could not compete with males. After all almosteveryone at the time believed that the female brain was different then the malebrain.(Reifert 78) Blackwell finally gained admittance to Geneva College aftera unanimous vote of the student body to let her in. This vote should not betaken as a sign that men were becoming more accepting of women infiltrating whatwas fo rmally known as male only territory. It should be noted that most of thestudents believed that either the vote was a joke or that Blackwell would notstay around long. Blackwell proved all the skeptics wrong by graduating in thetop of her class, but still no hospital in the United States would allow her tointern. For her internship Blackwell went to Paris. When She got back to theUnited States Blackwell found that no hospital would allow her to use theirfacilities. In 1857 she secured enough money to turn facility into a hospital. .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a , .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .postImageUrl , .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a , .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a:hover , .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a:visited , .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a:active { border:0!important; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a:active , .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u765575b94a0e902fcf85eb4ed117c31a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide EssaySimilar to doctors, nurses were largely male until the 1850s. Nursing followeda similar path as elementary teachers, as more higher paid jobs opened up, itleft room for women to take over less glamorous jobs. In the early nineteenthcentury lawyers were thought by apprenticeship. This was a very big problem forwomen that had an interest in this field, because no men lawyers would everdream of having a female apprentice. The emergence of law schools made the jobof a lawyer remotely accessible, but by no means easy. Such is the case of MyraBradwell, who graduated from Chicago School of law, but was refused a license topractice law by the Illinois State Bar. She took her battle to the SupremeCourt, by was ruled against. After her ruling was overturned in 1890 at the ageof 59, she became a licensed lawyer and two years latter practiced law in frontof the same court that had refused her rights 23 years earlier. Before these women had broken into these previously all male jobs womensjobs four general limitations. They are (1) that women perform work similar tothat of the home; (2) that no great skill be involved; (3) that no greatphysical strength be required; (4) that the work should not involve contactswith the rougher male sex(Riegel 135) Contrary to the Desires of theiremployers to maintain their workers femininity, the women, they provided theiremployees with very adverse working conditions. The conditions under whichmost women were described by an on looker : girls take off their street suits and put on an old skirts and waists matted with glue dirt, in which the spend ten hours a day scorning, cutting and sniping, wetting great sheets of paper and paste at a few cents a day(Cantarow xxvii)Women at time made around half of what their male counterparts made. While maleunions were proving very successful in the advancement in working conditions formen, but most unions had little interest in helping womens causes. For thisreason,in 1903 the WTUL (Womens trade Union league) was launched. This helpedWomen unite to achieve better working conditions. The WTUL was very influentialin the organization and support of the major womens strikes. Women fought many hard battles to gain access to areas that were at on timestrictly off limits to them and fought hard to improve their working conditions. With out the struggles of these women other women might not have the rights theyhave today. Social Issues

Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr Essay Example

Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr Essay Required Preparation: Read the textbook; review the power points before class. Read the assigned article, and be ready to discuss it in a group. Learning Objectives: 1. Review principles related to the occurrence and transmission of infection and infectious diseases. 2. Describe the chain of transmission of infectious diseases. 3. Apply the chain of transmission to describing approaches to controlling infectious disease. 4. Review types of immunity, including herd immunity. 5. Review principles of immunization and specify the immunization recommended for all age  groups in the United States. 6. Describe the legal responsibility for control of communicable diseases in the United States. 7. Describe the chain of transmission and control for priority infectious disease. 8. Identify nursing activities for control of infectious diseases at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention. 9. Review principles related to the occurrence and transmission of infection and infectious diseases. Key Terms: Knowing these terms will help you understand the concepts of this topic. communicable disease isolation mass screening mode of transmission  zoonoses incubation period nosocomial infection outbreak endemic epidemic pandemic cross-immunity Materials Needed for Class: This packet Today’s Activities: Lecture, group work with case studies Study Questions: Talk about the previous perspectives in communicable diseases. What happened in the last century to increase positive outcomes in community health? Talk about transmission of communicable diseases. Transmission depends on the successful interaction of three factors. What are they? What are the four main categories of infections agents that can cause infection? We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Discuss the modes of transmission. What are the three examples of disease spectrum? How are communicable diseases tracked? What about emerging infectious diseases? What are some examples—and what was done about it? How are communicable diseases prevented and controlled? What is the role of the nurse? Talk about agents of bioterrorism. How are anthrax and smallpox contracted? Treated? How do they present? Vaccines are one of the most effective methods of preventing and controlling communicable diseases. What are these diseases? How do they present? How are they treated? Food infection results from bacteria or viral or parasitic infection of food. Name some food- borne illnesses. What are food intoxications? Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by vectors. How are they treated? Prevented? Zoonosis is an infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human. How is this prevented? Treated? Talk about hospital-acquired infections and universal precautions. Discuss disease surveillance. What are the uses? Purposes? Data sources? What are nationally notifiable diseases? State notifiable diseases? What is the system used for  this report mechanism? Discussion Questions: 1. Your college roommate went to bed not feeling well one night and early the next morning you had trouble arousing her. She was rushed to the hospital just in time to be effectively diagnoses and treated for meningococcal meningitis. The health department recommends immediate antibiotic treatment for everyone that was in close contact with your roommate. They set up a process to watch for additional cases to be sure an outbreak is not in progress. Fortunately, no more cases occur. You ask yourself: should your college require that all  freshmen have the meningococcal vaccine before they can register for classes? 2. As a health advisor to a worldwide HIV/AIDS foundation, you are asked to advise on ways to address the HIV and developing tuberculosis epidemics. You are asked to do some long- range thinking and to come up with a list of potential approaches to control the epidemics, or at least ways reduce the development of TB. The first recommendation to make is to forget about eradicating HIV/AIDS. How did you come to that conclusion? 3. Your hometown of 100,000 is faced with a crisis as an airplane lands containing a  passenger thought to have a new form of severe influenza that has recently gained the ability to spread from person to person through airborne spread. As the mayor of the city, what do you decide to do? 4. You are a principal at a local high school. One of your top athletes is in the hospital with a spreading bacterial infection due to a staphylococcus bacteria resistant to all known antibiotics. The infection occurred after what appeared to be a minor injury during practice. As the principal, what do you decide to do? Case Study # 1: A local university does not require proof of immunization from incoming students. The university administration is afraid that requiring evidence of immunization will deter students from registering for courses. How might you go about convincing the administration that immunization status should be validated before students are allowed to register? You believe that all college students should receive a meningitis vaccination prior to enrolling. What do you believe would work better: 1) requiring the immunization before the student arrives at the college or 2) providing vaccinations to students upon arrival at college? Case Study # 2: A Communicable Disease  Jane is an 18-year-old college student. She lives in the dorm with her roommate, Sally. Shortly after Jane returned from Christmas vacation, she developed a fever and a rash. She didn’t feel too bad, but Sally persuaded her to see a doctor. Because it was Saturday, Jane went to the emergency department (ED) of the local hospital. The physician there made a diagnosis of rubella. Later that night, he and the nurses in the ED became very busy with victims of a multi vehicle accident. As a result, no one completed the health department form reporting Jane’s rubella until 2 days later. By the time a community health nurse contacted Jane to complete a rubella case report, Sally and several other girls in Jane’s dorm had also developed rubella. Sally gave it to her boyfriend, who exposed those in his classes. One of the women in his English class is pregnant. Based on the information presented in the case description, what biophysical, psychological, physical environmental, sociocultural, behavioral, and health system factors are operating in this situation? What additional factors in these dimensions might influence the situation? How might you assess for the presence or absence of these factors? What primary preventive measures could have been employed to prevent this situation? What primary prevention measures are appropriate at this point? What secondary and tertiary measures by the community health nurse are appropriate at this time? What roles will the community health nurse perform in dealing with this situation? What other public health personnel might the community health nurse collaborate with in addressing the situation? How would you evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in this situation?